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Iran’s Maritime Gray Zone: Tactics, Threats and the Strait of Hormuz
Iran’s Maritime Gray Zone: Tactics, Threats and the Strait of Hormuz
Iran’s maritime gray zone activities have long been central to its approach towards the Persian Gulf at large. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy and the regular Iranian Navy both play key roles, often coordinating with regional partners and, increasingly, with Russia and China.
JUN 25, 2025
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Gray Zone Tactics Playbook: Intrusive Surveying
China's oceanographic survey activities routinely conflate legitimate scientific research with assertion of excessive maritime claims and collection of military intelligence--a classic gray zone tactic.
JUN 3, 2025
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China's Escalating Gray Zone Campaign Against Japan's Senkaku Islands
A recent incident around the contested Senkaku Islands highlight's Tokyo's need for more and better options to counter Beijing's maritime aggression.
MAY 21, 2025
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Beijing is Lying About the Condition of Scarborough Shoal
Despite Beijing’s assertions that the environmental condition of Scarborough Shoal is “excellent” and that authorities have cracked down on giant clam harvesting, the preponderance of the evidence—including legal documents, investigative journalism, satellite imagery and even Chinese state records—demonstrates that its stewardship since 2012 has actually resulted in severe damage to the shoal and its ecosystem.
MAY 6, 2025

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What is SeaLight?

SeaLight is committed to lighting up the maritime gray zone so that bullies and criminals can no longer hide in the darkness while they harass law-abiding fisherfolk; destroy the marine environment and fish stocks; prevent legitimate exploration and survey activities; and violate international law and other countries' sovereign rights.
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Latest Resources

South China Sea-related materials, maps, media, databases, and more. Collected and curated in our searchable research library.
China Maritime Report No. 46: China's Fishermen Spies: Intelligence Specialists in the Maritime Militia
Published JUN 22, 2025
Collecting and reporting maritime intelligence is a core mission of China’s maritime militia.
Securing The Indo-Pacific Amid Rising Tensions
Published JUN 4, 2025
The Mission Ready Podcast sits down with Ray Powell, a retired U.S. Air Force officer with 35 years of experience, to unpack key issues shaping the region: ➡️ U.S.–China relations & historical context ➡️ Defense strategy shifts in the Philippines ➡️ Multinational military exercises like Balikatan ➡️ Maritime transparency and public-private partnerships ➡️ China’s civil-military fusion strategy
Chinese Aggression Fuels Indo-Pacific Grey Zone Wars
Published JUN 4, 2025
China’s approach in the South China Sea is becoming far more aggressive. How does America view the rise of grey zone conflicts in the Indo-Pacific? In this illuminating episode, Ray Powell and James Carouso, hosts of the “Why Should We Care About the Indo-Pacific?” podcast, dive into the critical importance of this region for global security and its implications for the second term of the Trump administration.
Shedding Light on China’s Gray Zone Activities in the Indo-Pacific
Published JUN 4, 2025
On this episode of the Defense Tech Underground , SeaLight Director Ray Powell describes his 35 year career in the United States Air Force, his path to Stanford, and his journey to founding SeaLight. He explains China’s gray zone tactics in the South China Sea and SeaLight’s efforts to shed light on those activities. Ray offers insight into needed countermeasures to build up readiness and deterrence as well as the broader geopolitical landscape in the Indo-Pacific.
China's Fishermen Spies: Intelligence Specialists in the Maritime Militia
Published APR 26, 2025
China Maritime Report No. 46 from the U.S. Naval War College's China Maritime Studies Institute
China Global South Podcast: South China Sea
Published APR 19, 2025
Ray Powell, director of the Sealight initiative at Stanford University's Gordian Knott Center for National Security Innovation and host of the "Why Should We Care About the Indo-Pacific Podcast," joins Eric and CGSP Southeast Asia Editor Edwin Shri Bimo to discuss why the national security team in Washington remains appears to be more committed to the Philippines than other alliance partners.
South China Sea: Escalating tensions between China and the Philippines | 101 East Documentary
Published APR 5, 2025
Al Jazeera documentary on the tensions between the Philippines and China over the South China Sea.
ASPI: Pressure Points
Published MAR 26, 2025
Pressure Points by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute analyzes the Chinese military's use of air and maritime coercion to enforce Beijing's excessive territorial claims and advance China's security and defense interests in the Indo-Pacific.
Submarine Cable Map
Published MAR 25, 2025
The Submarine Cable Map is a free and regularly updated resource from TeleGeography.
Taiwan Security Monitor
Published MAR 25, 2025
Taiwan Security Monitor (TSM) is a student-driven research initiative dedicated to informing and improving the public discourse on cross-Strait security issues. Focused on the intersection of open-source research, geospatial data, and policy analysis, TSM provides timely and valuable insights into the evolving cross-Strait security landscape. TSM’s lines of effort includes tracking major military movements, maintaining a comprehensive repository of resources related to cross-Strait security, analyzing visual imagery, and compiling historical data on foreign military sales to Taiwan. By leveraging open-source intelligence (OSINT) tools and techniques, TSM’s team of student researchers monitor key developments and present clear, data-driven insights for policymakers, journalists, researchers, and the public. TSM is directed by Dr. Michael Hunzeker, an associate professor at George Mason University’s Schar School of Government and Policy.
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In The News

Our finds on the latest articles and information from outside of the SeaLight team.
West PH Sea: Recent US-PH-Japan sea drills viewed as ‘counter-China’ effort
Published JUN 25, 2025
The Philippines joined the recently-concluded coast guard drills of the United States and Japan in what experts see as a “counter-China” move and a nod to “minilateralism” amid the regional power’s growing aggression.
China elbows its way into South Korean waters
Published JUN 25, 2025
Satellite photos reveal China is using the cover of global turmoil to push its boundaries deeper into neighbouring territory.
China's research ships used for intel operations – group
Published JUN 22, 2025
China is increasingly using research and survey ships to act as proxies for military and intelligence operations, according to SeaLight, a maritime transparency initiative monitoring Chinese activities in the South China Sea.
China sends scores of planes across central line in Taiwan Strait
Published JUN 20, 2025
China sent 74 warplanes toward Taiwan between late Thursday and early Friday, 61 of which crossed the central line in the Taiwan Strait that unofficially divides the sides, an unusually large number as tensions remained heightened in the region.
US Ally Confronts 'Illegal' Chinese Ship Swarm in Disputed Waters: Video
Published JUN 20, 2025
The Philippines has released footage showing its coast guard responding Wednesday to reports of "illegal swarming" by dozens of ships belonging to China's so-called Maritime Militia.
Beijing's peace message on South China Sea contradicts its actions
Published JUN 20, 2025
Regional tensions rise as China ignores international law and coerces neighbors
US Ally Doubles Down on Missiles Angering China
Published JUN 17, 2025
The Philippines' defense chief has again pushed back against China's claim that hosting U.S. missiles in the country amounts to a provocation. "It's none of China's business; it's for Philippine defense," Gilberto Teodoro said in a recent interview with 60 Minutes when asked to respond to Beijing's objections.
US Aircraft Carrier Holds 'Warfighting' Drills on China's Doorstep
Published JUN 12, 2025
AUnited States nuclear-powered aircraft carrier was conducting operations in the contested South China Sea, the Navy said, to showcase its ability to maintain warfighting advantages.
Map Tracks Russian and Chinese Spy Ships Loitering off Coast of US Ally
Published JUN 11, 2025
Russia and China have deployed vessels to waters around Japan, with both ships tracked loitering off the coast of the United States' ally, a Newsweek map shows.
Philippine, Japan defense forces to see more interactions via RAA
Published JUN 11, 2025
The Reciprocal Access Agreement (RAA) will provide a basis for a greater interaction between the Filipino and Japanese defense forces, a ranking Philippine Navy (PN) official said.
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JUL 12, 2023
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